Turkey and the European Union †Political Science

Turkey and the European Union – Political Science Free Online Research Papers Turkey and the European Union Political Science In this essay we are going to argue against the admission of Turkey to the European Union. We shall start with introducing the Turkish country itself, and then move on to its economy and the other states’ influence in Turkey. Furthermore, our work concentrates on reforms that are supposed to be done by this time and mainly on human rights. Since the issue of human rights is extremely broad, we decided to divide it in three parts – the Kurdish rights in general, the issue of Cyprus without the border that divides the island to two parts and the Armenian genocide problem. Let us start with the geographical position. Turkey neighbors with Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Iran, Iraq and Syria. The modern Turkish state was founded in 1923 by Mustafa Kemal –â€Å"Ataturk†-â€Å"Father of all the Turks† after the defeat of remnants of the Ottoman Empire. The first regime was based on only one party and it might be considered authoritarian. After the opposition party was created and won the election, the democracy has suffered a hard blow. There have been several military coups and the result was only one: the Turkish people lost their democracy. Cyp rus has been taken over by the Turkish military and the insurgency of the Kurds has begun. Now the government says that it is trying to pass certain reforms that would allow Turkey to enter the European Union and reinforce democracy in the state. The Turkish government is officially democratic and its civil system is very similar to other European countries, but the culture of the country is more middle eastern. Turkey is also a member of the European Court of Human Rights, which we are finding quite hypocritical because of the country’s attitude towards the Kurds. Turkish economy is also composed out of many models seen around the world. It is necessary to say that there should be established a market system very soon as another thing that had to be done long time ago. The statistics may show that the economy is on the rise and the EU is going only to benefit out of Turkey’s membership. That might be not true entirely. The unemployment rate is 9.3 % and the underemployment is 4.0 %. Besides that, Turkey is in a quite high debt, whole 15.3 billion USD. These are very high numbers compared to the other countries of the EU. Out of this we can conclude that many people live in poverty. In 2003 it was whole 28.1% o f the population who lived below the food and non-food poverty line. Turkey is ranked on the index of Human Development with number 94. Countries like the United Kingdom and Germany have the HDI at 15 and 20. Just for the comparison it is important to note that even Cyprus has the HDI at 29. The other great issue in Turkish government and businesses is a corruption. According to a research done by Transparency International, Turkey has a CPI Score (relates to perceptions of the degree of corruption as seen by business people and country analysts and ranges between 10 (highly clean) and 0 (highly corrupt)) of 3.5. Taken into account that the Slovenia’s CPI is at 6.1 must explain that Turkey is highly disadvantaged compared to other candidate countries. Out of that difference we can presume that the level of corruption is going to rise in the European Union which is absolutely undesirable. Based on the facts and statistical reasoning discussed above, it is very probable that Tu rkey will not be a valid member of the Union; neither will it boost the economy of the EU. Shall we take a look at the international relations; we can see that this country has many links towards the United States. The U.S. gave and loaned 12.5 billion dollars for the economic aid and more than 14 billion dollars for the military. This also indicates that Turkey is emphasizing more military than peaceful solutions. That should not be the case of a country that wants to join the union of states that value diplomacy and negotiation the most. Turkey has many business contracts with the U.S. and is also the third export partner for them. Most of these economical ties were formed during the Cold War when Turkey was a country nearest to the communist block. The influence of the United States is very powerful there and we were able to find out about it during the war on Iraq when the Turks did not want to allow the U.S. troops to deploy in their country but later on they reconsidered and let the Americans to establish their bases in Turkey. There is no debate that there were some economic sanctions in the background. The weight owner of turkey is its people.70 millions people constantly in increase due to a high natality which is 2.2 kids per women which is the highest in all Europe. According to researches, by 2020 turkey should be inhabited by 85 million people. Since it is programmed that turkey will enter the European union in 2015 it will be the most populated country of Europe, followed by the german population in second place with 82 million. In consequence to that number Ankara will send 95 deputies to the European parliament, which will be the maximum number allowed by the Future Constitution, so Turkey will have the majority of votes estimated by 15%, followed by Germany having 14% and France having 12 % of the votes. Another consequence for the Turkish adhesion to the European Union is: immigration. According to the numbers of the European Union, between 500 000 and 4.4 million Turks could emigrate to Germany, Austria, Holland and France to join their 4 million relatives already living in the EU. Even if the free circulation of workers and employees is one of the reasons of the foundation of the EU, can the EU really let the Turkish people in to an entity where most likely they will be treated as citizens of a second degree zone without some serious alterations in its laws? Since 1992, Ankara has shown big interest in the originally Turkish speaking republics newly separated of the ex USSR : Azerbaidjan,Kazakhstan, Kirghistan ,Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan, immediately recognized their independence and helped them to enter the international and regional organizations, with the dream of one day reforming the BIG TURKEY. The first step was the creation of the Tika ( Turkish International cooperation agency) as a part of the Ministry of foreign affairs, with the function of promoting the Turkish model and the cultural cooperation through numerous projects like the establishment of a language and an alphabet common for all the Turkish speaking countries, student exchange and the support of media and communicational projects which means that Turkey admits the double nationality of the citizens of these countries and would accord it to anyone who demands it. And there is no doubt that these citizens will claim their Turkish citizenship if it was a part of the E uropean Union. These countries have a total of 60 million people, were ruled during 70 years by communism and profoundly integrated in Islam and to whom the Copenhagen Criteria are just as understandable as Quantum physics. This would be an enormous shock to the EU. One more problem arising with turkey entering the EU is the Cyprus matter. Despite the Nicosian international pressure and threats to put its veto against the Turkish integration to the EU, Turkey still does not recognize the Greek part of Cyprus as an independent European country. How can a country be integrated to the European Union if it does not recognize the independence of a fellow country in the EU? The main requirements for Turkey’s enter to EU are The Copenhagen Criteria, which were introduced in year 1993 at Copenhagen by European Council. These criteria are divided in three main parts Political – stability of institutions which provide democracy, legally consistent state, observance of human and minority rights. Economical – existence of functional market economy, ability to balance with competitive pressures and market processes inside EU. Other obligations – ability to take on obligations which are resulting from membership in EU, including goals of political, economical and monetary union. This means that Turkey must satisfy these requirements in order to join the EU. Although Turkey has made some progressive changes in their constitution and legislative, and these changes were warranted by regular report on Turkey’s progress towards accession created by Commission of the European Communities in October 2004, this report seems to be misr epresented. For instance, the authorities have adopted zero tolerance policy against toward torture but even while torture is now not systematic, these cases reported by various human rights associations still occur. Also recent Constitutional amendments and new press law made for increasing press freedoms doesn’t seem to be fair enough. These changes provide only limited progress in freedom of expression. Censorship still remains in some levels and in a number of cases journalist and other citizens expressing non violent opinion continue to be prosecuted. Other issue is freedom of religion, although it is guaranteed by Constitution, non-Muslim religious communities still have difficulties with legal personality, property rights and training of clergy. Gender equality principle has been also changed in Constitution and Civil Code, but the position of women in society is still unsatisfactory. Virginity test is now prohibited but still can be done by court order and also â€Å"honor killings† though it has been prohibited under the sentence of life imprisonment still remain as a major problem. Civil rights of minorities are another problem. Although Turkey has changed the Constitution and Kurds are now allowed to speak, teach and broadcast in their language, the way how it is provided seems to be discriminative. Minority language education is not something that should be permitted, but has to become a right. Also timing and contents of programs in Kurdish are very limited. Other big part is economical situation in Turkey. Despite of all its progresses, Turkey still does not reach the standards of real market economy. The value of GDP on one Turkish inhabitant recounted on purchasing power parity reaches only 27% of EU’s average and Turkey is taking position behind Romania and Bulgaria. Also Turkish government tries to intervene in their economy in order to lower the inflation which in despite of this already reaches high values. Although the rate of Turkish unemployment is not much bigger then in other states of union, the employment of women is alarming, it is 50% less then in EU. Also the national debt is about 90% of its GDP and this cause that the Turkey is one of the most indebted countries of the world. Therefore we can suppose that even second part of Copenhagen Criteria was not satisfied. Last issue is obligations that Turkey must take in order to join the EU. Though Turkey’s alignment has progressed in many areas, it still remain s at an early stage for most chapters. For example no changes have been made concerning free movement of persons and workers. There are still remaining restrictions regarding nationality, residence and language, and also problems with recognition of academic diplomas and professional qualifications. Next problem is concerning freedom to provide services, where some changes took place, but only for financial services and except for insurance. Non-financial services are still bounded by market access restrictions which are excluding foreigners from the market. And with certain services, Turkish legislation goes even further, barring them from being provided by foreign nationals even if the company they represent is established in Turkey. Also free movement of capital is limited. Foreigners are restricted to make an investment even if improvements in this area would contribute to facilitate inflow of foreigner direct investment. Even the issue of transport seems to have its other diffi culties. Though some modifications were made there, especially maritime transport remains as major problem. Turkey is still on the black list of the secretariat of the Paris Memorandum of understanding on Port State controls for its higher rate of detention ships. Cypriot ships or ships that have landed in Cyprus are still not allowed to enter the Turkish ports. In summary we can say that on the first look, Turkey nearly fulfilled the Copenhagen criteria, but if we look more deeply we find out that recent changes in constitution and legislative are superficial. Turkey took these changes just for satisfying the EU, but the situation in the state remains same as before. Therefore we can suppose that Turkey is not willing to make a real progress in order to become an equal member of the European Union. The Cyprus issue is a typical international problem of invasion and occupation of one Member-state of the UN by another, namely Turkey. Twenty-three years after the Turkish invasion and defying a series of U.N. Resolutions, Turkey refuses to withdraw its occupation forces. At present, more than 35.000 Turkish troops are illegally stationed in the northern part of Cyprus, which is characterized by the Secretary General of the U.N., as one of the most highly militarized areas in the world. Also, The Cyprus issue is a flagrant case of continued mass violations of basic human rights and freedoms by Turkey, in breach of the purposes and principles of the U.N. Charter and major international instruments in the field of human rights and fundamental freedoms. Numerous Resolutions of the U.N., including those of the General Assembly, the Security Council, and the Commission on Human Rights, the Sub-Commission on the Prevention of Discrimination and Protection of Minorities and the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination have been adopted over these 24 years, conc erning all aspects of violations of human rights in Cyprus. Turkey has failed to comply with any of them. The nearly 200.000 Greek Cypriots (40 % of the total number of Greek Cypriots in 1974) who were forcibly expelled from their homes by the Turkish invading forces in 1974 are still being prevented from returning there and are refugees in their own country. They continue to be arbitrarily deprived of their homes and property in the occupied area, which are gradually being illegally distributed by the Denktash regime to other persons, such as members of the Turkish occupation army and settlers form mainland Turkey. Finally, while the continued occupation of 37% of Cyprus by Turkey is an international issue and not a bilateral problem between Greece and Turkey, it puts a very severe strain in Greco-Turkish relations. A just viable solution of the problems caused by the 1974 invasion would lead to a substantial improvement in relations between Greece and Turkey. It would also remove a major obstacle to the further strengthening of Turkeys relations with the E.U. 24 years after Turkey invaded and occupied 37% of Cyprus, turning over 200.000 of its inhabitants into refugees, the problems created by the Turkish invasion remains unsolved. The end of the Cold War marked the beginning of a new era, in which respect and cooperation between nations, commitment to human rights, democracy and the rule of law are recognized as being of capital importance. Within this new environment, the Cyprus issue is not only a glaring anachronism but also continues to be a factor of potential instability in the South-Eastern Mediterranean. Hence, besides a moral obligation, the international community has an additional reason to contribute to the efforts for a just and viable solution. At least 15 percent of Turkeys population consists of ethnic and religious minorities. Turkeys Constitution provides a single nationality designation for all Turks and thus does not recognize ethnic gro ups as national, racial, or ethnic minorities. Citizens of Kurdish origin constituted a large ethnic and linguistic group. Millions of the countrys citizens identified themselves as Kurds and spoke Kurdish. Kurds who publicly or politically asserted their Kurdish identity or publicly espoused using Kurdish in the public domain risked public censure, harassment, or prosecution. However, Kurds who were long-term residents in industrialized cities in the west were in many cases assimilated into the political, economic, and social life of the nation, and much intermarriage has occurred over many generations. Kurds migrating westward (including those displaced by the conflict in the southeast) brought with them their culture and village identity, but often little education and few skills. As part of its fight against the PKK, the Government forcibly displaced noncombatants, failed to resolve extrajudicial killings, tortured civilians, and abridged freedom of expression. The PKK committed widespread abuses, including the frequent murder of noncombatants, as part of its terrorism against the Government and civilians, mostly Kurds. Estimates of the total number of villagers forcibly evacuated from their homes since the conflict began vary widely from 330,000 to 2 million. A credible estimate given by a former Member of Parliament from the region is around 560,000. The initiation of armed insurrection by the Kurdistan Workers Party (Partiya Karkere Kurdistan- PKK) in 1984, along with the increasing international media interest in the Kurds of Iraq beginning in the mid-1980s, compelled some members of Turkeys political elite to question government policy toward the countrys Kurdish population. Turgut Ozal, who became prime minister in 1983 and president in 1989, broke the official taboo on using the term Kurd by referring publicly to the people of eastern Anatolia as Kurds. Subsequently, independent Turkish newspapers began using the term and discussing the political an d economic problems in the eleven predominantly Kurdish provinces. In 1991 Ozal supported a bill that revoked the ban on the use of Kurdish and possession of materials in Kurdish. I think that human rights are the biggest issue why Europeans don’t want Turkey to enter the European Union. How should we allow entering EU a country which doesn’t support human rights? As we know Turkish people had a lot of time to change almost 20 years. And I think it is not possible to change the mentality of a nation, only if all individuals in this nation want to change their way of life. In Turkey, individuals don’t have a right to discuss the human rights; it is still limited freedom of speech and press. The Government, particularly the police and judges, limited freedom of expression through the use of constitutional restrictions and numerous laws as Penal Code articles 312 (incitement to racial, ethnic, or religious enmity); 159 (insulting Parliament, the army, republic, or judiciary) and 160 (insulting the Turkish Republic). Individuals can not criticize the Government publicly without fear of reprisal. Government continue to restrict expression by i ndividuals sympathetic to some religious, political, and Kurdish nationalist or cultural viewpoints. People who have active debates on human rights and government policies, and particularly on issues relating to the countrys EU membership process, the role of the military, Islam, political Islam, and the question of Turks of Kurdish origin as minorities; these people risk by wrote or spoke out on such topics prosecution. Here are some examples what can happend to anybody in Turkey for freedom speech and using other language as Turkish. Parliamentary candidate Ruknettin Hakan was for 6 months imprisonment for making propaganda speeches in a language other than Turkish. Other case is, when authorities arrested and indicted teacher Hulya Akpinar for comments she made during a conference on the alleged genocide of Armenians under the Ottoman Empire. Prosecutors charged other six teachers for following Akpinar out of the conference. Akpinar was temporarily dismissed from duty following her arrest. According to â€Å"Reporters Without Borders†, four journalists were in jail at the end of 2002 for speech violations. The Committee to Protect Journalists claimed there were 13 journalists in prison at the end of 2002. According to the Government, there were no journalists held on speech violations in either 2002 or the reporting period, although at years end, there were 34 prisoners claiming to be journalists who were charged with a variety of crimes. The different figures reflected disagreement over which prisoners were legitimate journalists, and which were jailed for carrying out their journalistic duties. How we can see Turkey does not make any progress in issue of freedom of speech. So, how Turkey can become part of EU when they do not have the most important human right as it is freedom of speech. Other problem in Turkey is problem with Kurdish and their language. It was a lot of cases when people were rested and had problems just because of using this lan guage. The law allows broadcasts in the traditional languages of the country, other than Turkish, including Kurdish. But there are some regulations of using Kurdish language and so it is set strict time limits on such broadcasts as 45 minutes per day, 4 hours per week on radio and 30 minutes per day, 2 hours per week on television. There is also regulations which require that non-Turkish radio programs have to be followed by the same program in Turkish and that non-Turkish television programs have to have Turkish subtitles. Also parliament passed legislation to establish of language courses teaching traditional non-Turkish languages. But local authorities had not given permission for any such courses to open. On south-east has found that Kurdish language education is high and in spite of it there was closure of all 7 of the area private language schools. Governments said that it was because of lack of interest from students and for failing to provide adequate legislative and materia l support to enable the school survive. Also there was some actions, of police harassment, were taken against the pro-Kurdish DEHAP party. Police arrest DEHAP Chairman Tuncer Bakirhan and singer Haluk Levent, and six others in connection with a concert in Germany during a Kurdish cultural festival. Concert participants reportedly displayed KADEK-related pictures and banners; authorities charged the detainees with separatist propaganda. There is also Kurdish Human Rights Project (KHRP) and non-government organization which is independent voluntary association of people acting together on a continuous basis, for some common purpose, other than achieving government office, making money or illegal activities. NGO in Turkey says: â€Å"Every single day we receive a petition from Kurdish people who have been forcibly removed from their land, whose relatives disappeared or have been killed, or who have been tortured.â€Å" Here is other example why Turkey should not enter the EU: Turkish people and government can live with other nation then theirs, they limit Kurdish people and they my start limited European countries and nation after enter the European Union. I conclusion, based on the facts given in our essay, we assume that the entering of Turkey to the European Union would be only a loss for the EU and therefore it is undesirable. The main obstacles are still human rights and the attitude towards the Kurds and Cyprus. In addition, Turkey does not meet the basic requirements given to them by Copenhagen. Moreover, the membership of Turkey could endanger the economical and political consistency of the Union, cause extremely high migration into the Western Europe and cause crime problems. Reference: timesonline.co.uk/article/0,,13509-1804495_3,00.html, unicef.org/turkey/sy16/gm15.html icgg.org/downloads/CPI_2005.xls cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/tu.html http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/4419100.stm bertelsmann-transformation-index.de/147.0.html http://petulina.webzdarma.cz/eu/creu-priprava.php http://shop.ceps.be/BookDetail.php?item_id=1104 eutcc.org/articles/1/index.ehtml http://eu.eportal.cz/modules.php?name=Newsfile=articlesid=410 Research Papers on Turkey and the European Union - Political SciencePETSTEL analysis of IndiaAssess the importance of Nationalism 1815-1850 EuropeThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationBringing Democracy to AfricaDefinition of Export QuotasTwilight of the UAWQuebec and CanadaRelationship between Media Coverage and Social and19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This Nice

Essay Sample on Law in Australia The Separation of Powers

Essay Sample on Law in Australia The Separation of Powers Argumentative Essay on the Separation of Powers: In most nations, the concept of separation of powers is a dominant factor despite the system of government of a country. This concept insists that the judiciary, the legislature and the executive branches of the government be separated from each other in terms of their day to day functioning. Separation of powers is a doctrine that was institutionalized many centuries ago, and it became strictly functional. In the modern day however, some nations tend to ignore it and this results to disputes. In Australia for instance, this concept has been extremely compromised to the extent that it no longer exists. This ignorance to separation of powers is witnessed between and among the three arms of government and between the commonwealth level and the state level of Australia. This paper will underline examples of cases that prove that indeed; there failure in separation of powers in Australia (Gelber, 2006). The commonwealth and the state level Australia has two levels of government, the federal government, which is the overall government of the land, and the state governments, which are independent and have their own premiers. The state governments thus rule themselves without any interference from the federal government. However, there are instances when the federal government interferes with the activities of the state governments. In the 2008 court ruling of the Betfair Pty Limited Vs Western Australia, the high court ruled that Western Australia had discriminatory rules against businessmen. This shows a violation of separation of powers of the state since its own courts had ruled against the Betfair case, (Kirk, 2011). Moreover, in the 2004 Fardon Vs Attorney general dispute, the Queensland high court ruled that Fardon be continually imprisoned because he was a potential threat to the public. In its judgment, the high court ruled against this decision, and thus overriding the powers of the supreme court of Queensland ( HCA, 2005). The legislature and the Executive The legislative arm of the government is charged with making laws of the land while the executive oversees the implementation of these laws. The Prime Minister is in charge of the executive and is also the chief of the government. Australian lawmakers have had an extraordinarily stern and negative opinion against war and immigration into Australia. Thus, the laws they make and implement is extremely against these two aspects. In the 200 Egan Vs Willis case, disputed against parliamentary affairs at the commonwealth and the state level (Griffith, 1999). In this case, it was disputed that parliament had no obligation to scrutinize the functions of the executive. The decision reached by the high court was a ruling against this. The high court emphasized that as long as the law still applied, the executive must be under strict scrutiny by the parliament. This is to ensure that the rule of law is upheld (Mantziaris, 1999). The legislature and the judiciary The main role of the judiciary is to solve disputes and to ensure that there is no breaking of the law. The main court of the judiciary is the high court. In 1997, the Queensland premier, Bob Borbidge publicly proclaimed that the judiciary was in need of a constitutional surgery. In this, he meant that the decisions of the court were not binding and that the court needed serious changes. This is a show of the intrusion into the powers of the judiciary. In the same year, the high court demanded that it be given the function of making laws, as opposed to the legislature. This saw a strong opposition from the legislature. The prime minister also stated that it is only the legislature that is granted powers to make laws and no one else. This certainly shows that there has been erosion to the concept of the separation of powers (Patapan, 1999). The executive and the judiciary Australia has always maintained an unaccommodating nature on asylum seekers. In 2011 for instance, the Prime Minister Julia Gillard ordered the deposition of asylum seekers to Malaysia, as it was proved to be safe for them (Gemma Alison, 2011). Contrary to this decision, the high court issued orders that the deposition of asylum seekers to Malaysia be stopped, saying that there is no prove that the place is safe for human life. This shows a lack of separation of powers between the judiciary and the executive. The judiciary failed to respect the decision of the prime minister, and this shows a direct violation of the separation of powers (Joe, 2011). In the 2005 Combet Vs Commonwealth case, it was proclaimed that the federal government was using excess public funds to advertise the new work choices law. The court ruled in favor of the government, stating that all government expenditures were lawful unless they were unaccounted for (Williams, 2005).

A Meta-Analysis of Transcriptomic Footprints Disclose Specificity of Research Paper

A Meta-Analysis of Transcriptomic Footprints Disclose Specificity of Reactive Oxygen Species Signaling in Arabidopsis Study - Research Paper Example These species also have a signaling role and are very important in carrying out this signaling function, which is evident during various developmental processes such as allelopathic plant-plant interactions, cell elongation, and division, programmed cell death. It may also be noted during environmental processes as well as biotic and abiotic stress responses. Since a major part of metabolic activities are highly oxidizing, or have very intensive rates of electron flow; as a result, they tend to produce high levels of ROS. The signaling role is important because it produces the control and regulation of various biological processes and the ROS appear to have a dual role for these ROS in plant biology; both as the toxic by-products of aerobic metabolism as well as regulators of the various cell-based processes associated with growth, development as well as patterns of defense. Hence, at the outset, the significance of this study lies in the fact that the importance of reactive oxygen species has been identified, i.e., as a toxic byproduct of the biological processes which tends to function as a signal to regulate the various cell processes. Moreover, another aspect that could also be deduced in relation to this study and the findings of other researchers was outlined in the study that the ROS activity can lead to the oxidative destruction of cells. This is important because it shows that in so far as the evolution of aerobic organisms is concerned, the development of efficient ROS scavenging mechanisms is likely to be a causal factor in such evolution. The oxidative destruction of cells is caused by the partially reduced or activated derivatives of oxygen such as hydrogen peroxide and hydroxyl radical. The genome-wide microarrays provide the means to access the changes in transcripts arising out of an alternation in specific types of ROS. For example, whe n light stress occurs, there is an expression of heat shock proteins, which can be controlled by systolic H2O2.  

Assignment 3-2 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

3-2 - Assignment Example If we talk about religious practices, then rituals may not be a command by the Almighty but only a spiritual satisfaction for those performing these. However, in worldly terms, performing rituals may be a means of reinforcing societal connections and showing reverence or attachment to the other members of the community. People may be performing rituals so as to get themselves socially compatible with their contemporaries. In a Muslim society like ours, the religious rituals that are followed by Muslims are the five basic pillars of Islam (Zahid, 2009) namely confession of faith (shahadat), five times prayers a day, fasting in the month of Ramazan, Alms tax (Zakat), and pilgrimage (Hajj). Along with these, some people have created many rituals that have nothing to do with religion. For example, cooking food in the name of Allah and distributing it (commonly known as khatam shareef) with the purpose of reward thwab, is a common ritual. It has no logical significance but is being practiced widely. As far as social rituals are concerned, along with some which might be good, there are many which are actually harmful in many cases. For example, the concept of dowry is totally misunderstood in today’s society. Dowry has become a ritual that the bride’s family has to practice, which is totally different from what the Almighty has ordered. Dowry (Meher) is, in fact, the sum of money or any gift given from the bridegroom to the bride as per Allah’s laws. But nowadays, dowry is understood as that sum of money or gifts that the bride’s family is liable to give to the bridegroom (jahez). This has become a common ritual which is not at all within the boundaries of religion, and in fact, reverses a command of religion and, in many cases, becomes a curse for the innocent bride. A religious ritual that is observed in my family is getting together of family members at every Thursday after somebody’s death, and also after forty days of death, for the purpose of

Bill Belichick’s sanctions are fair Essay Example for Free

Bill Belichick’s sanctions are fair Essay Bill Belichick deserved all the sanctions imposed on him. He has succeeded in bringing to disrepute all the previous success and victories achieved by Patriots. Every of their former accomplishments are now suspected as fraudulent, reduced to ridicule, mockery, and Patriot’s real competence doubtfully dubious. Last year, according to Rich C. (2007)in Green Bay, they were accused of the same spy game. Belichicks violations of league policy and rules were quite shameful and has tarnished the image of the League. This monumental shocking scandal has authenticated all the previous suspicions that Belichick had been involved in other spying activities aside from stealing signs. In New York Daily News account, (September 2007), it had long been rumored of how microphones can be attached to shoulder pads in order to pick up audible voices in scrimmage lines. How video equipment are concealed in parking garages for the purpose of filming practices. He equally is believed to have constantly eavesdropped at halftime on opponents to enable him steal team signal and make adjustments to gain undue advantage. You cannot continue to achieve victory by violating the rules. It ends up defeating the essence of the game. People cannot continue to give black eyes to the game of sports. If Bill Belichick is not so punished, it is the game that will suffer the most. His offence is beyond cheating, it is pure and blatant espionage and spy that make nonsense of both the Patriots players and management, fans, (including NFL Football fans), all their opponents and the entire league. Those accusing Jets of envy and the fact that everyone, including Mangini, is doing it are missing the whole issue. However, this revelation is an indication that the time for NFL to sanitize the game is now. REFERENCE. 1. Rich Cimini (12 September 2007) (Eric Mangini Exposes Bil Belichicks Spy Games† in Daily News Sports, http://www. nydailynews. com/sports/football/jets/2007/09/12/2007-09-12_eric_mangini_exposes_bill_belichicks_spy. html 2. New York Daily News (11th September, 2007) â€Å"Spying on the Jets† http://www. nydailynews. com/forums/thread. jspa? threadID=590tstart=0

Essay --

The Manhattan Project was one of the first outlets America used to show the era of scientific triumph. The directors of this project, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Albert Einstein, Leo Szilard and General Groves played a big contribution in the outcome of World War II. I have researched the argument of(that) the Manhattan Project being(was) vital for the legitimate ending to World War II. While other(s) some(take out some amd put could) say(that) they could have not dropped the second bomb, or(take out or) since Japanese Prime Minister Suzuki formed a new War cabinet to bring the war to end on its own. (Stoff, Michael B., Fanton, Jonathon, F., William, Hal, R., EDT. Al. 1991, p. 1991). This project had many different components for it to run successfully. Components such as theology and applied sciences were used. Oppenheimer was the main administrator credited to put the organization together. I will cover how(take out how) the time periods from 1938 (the discovery of Nuclear Fission) to 1 945 (when the atomic bombs were dropped on Japan.) This major contribution is important today because the technology and the leap of science were emphasized greatly during the war. I will also be covering some results and life after the two bombs(were) set off. In the book â€Å"The Manhattan Project† by Jeff Hughes, during the 1930s, America was not the only country to research the secrets of nuclear transmutation. This justifies one of my points that the bombs were not a rational decision made by the Truman administration. The elements and materials needed to create the atomic bombs were not only the U.S’s call. Discoveries(that were) made in a short amount of time and having to put a team together to make the world’s first weapons of mass destruction is ... ...the military advantage of this war.† (Compton, 1945) It was better to demonstrate the bombs in the most non-lethal (way) to gain international control. James Frank a physicist pull(pled) together a committee (along with Leo Szilard) that wrote up a rejection of the surprise attack on Japan. They suggested they should demonstrate the power of the bomb on a random island. Martin Sherwin argued that the Frank committee shared the same views as President Truman, were(where) an attack on Japan would shock the Russians. (Compton, 1945) Even though the Russians had spies aware of the Manhattan project way before the bomb was developed, so(take out so) it would (not) have no(take out no) mattered. According to Truman’s Memoirs (The Manhattan Project, 1991) he mention to Joseph Stalin about having some powerful weapon device, the Soviet Leader didn’t really get surprised. Essay -- The Manhattan Project was one of the first outlets America used to show the era of scientific triumph. The directors of this project, J. Robert Oppenheimer, Albert Einstein, Leo Szilard and General Groves played a big contribution in the outcome of World War II. I have researched the argument of(that) the Manhattan Project being(was) vital for the legitimate ending to World War II. While other(s) some(take out some amd put could) say(that) they could have not dropped the second bomb, or(take out or) since Japanese Prime Minister Suzuki formed a new War cabinet to bring the war to end on its own. (Stoff, Michael B., Fanton, Jonathon, F., William, Hal, R., EDT. Al. 1991, p. 1991). This project had many different components for it to run successfully. Components such as theology and applied sciences were used. Oppenheimer was the main administrator credited to put the organization together. I will cover how(take out how) the time periods from 1938 (the discovery of Nuclear Fission) to 1 945 (when the atomic bombs were dropped on Japan.) This major contribution is important today because the technology and the leap of science were emphasized greatly during the war. I will also be covering some results and life after the two bombs(were) set off. In the book â€Å"The Manhattan Project† by Jeff Hughes, during the 1930s, America was not the only country to research the secrets of nuclear transmutation. This justifies one of my points that the bombs were not a rational decision made by the Truman administration. The elements and materials needed to create the atomic bombs were not only the U.S’s call. Discoveries(that were) made in a short amount of time and having to put a team together to make the world’s first weapons of mass destruction is ... ...the military advantage of this war.† (Compton, 1945) It was better to demonstrate the bombs in the most non-lethal (way) to gain international control. James Frank a physicist pull(pled) together a committee (along with Leo Szilard) that wrote up a rejection of the surprise attack on Japan. They suggested they should demonstrate the power of the bomb on a random island. Martin Sherwin argued that the Frank committee shared the same views as President Truman, were(where) an attack on Japan would shock the Russians. (Compton, 1945) Even though the Russians had spies aware of the Manhattan project way before the bomb was developed, so(take out so) it would (not) have no(take out no) mattered. According to Truman’s Memoirs (The Manhattan Project, 1991) he mention to Joseph Stalin about having some powerful weapon device, the Soviet Leader didn’t really get surprised.

Operating Plan Essay

We will First Operate in major metro cities, starting with Bangalore, and then Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai, Goa, Pune, Kolkata, Gujarat etc. After Targeting to these cities, we will try to target the rural India which is almost 70 % of India. How will we promote? We will promote through ADVERTISEMENT in ONLINE FORUM, SOCIAL NETWORKING SITES, Locally famous Theatres, Souvenirs given to customers, App Stores, android market apps, PRINT MEDIA which is almost read by every other person commonly, like Hindu, Times of India, etc in Bangalore and also some local brands etc. What will be our sales promotion activity? People would be able to book a whole van for family get together, a birthday party with their movies, buffet lunch or dinner etc all made available in the bus, with some prior booking of minimum 7 days. Also if a school or college wants to show a educational review, or a documentary to their students, the team may take care, go to school and show help them with all things they needed with prior booking. We will be also issuing a pass which will be a three time annual pass in which you can see movie thrice a month with that pass redeeming every time you come. This will be mainly for our day today customers. The annual pass will also contain coupons for free popcorn, or some discount on meal and also some other value added services. How Will We Sell? Our main aim is to earn profit with creating a strong customer relationship. We will sell our Tickets through our own website, Bookmyshow.com. After some time in long term we will make our own apps in Iphone, android market, Ipad etc. The Timings will be pre decided, and a weeks timetable will also be decided, which will show not only new movies, but sometimes a educational film, and local language films of the city we operate in. Where will we park? We will park our cinevan in a short distance from our customers place. A max of 1 km far in any locality we decided. We will park somewhere where there is ample of space for vehicles to come and go. This will help in regulating the traffic. We will also take prior permissions for all our places, etc How will we get our caravan? We will import in the beginning and then we will try and improvise our team and add some designers who can design our caravan which will be more spacious etc. our current caravan will accommodate around 70 people at a time. How will Caravan be like? Caravan will be a bus which will have a same experience as if you are sitting In a multiplex. The Acoustics department will be taken care of and a finest of all will be used there.

The Effects of Gmo

Daniel Ramirez Lagunas English 12 CP 18 May 2012 FDA Labeling In our society today, there is a small percent of our food that has been genetically engineered. Genetically modified food can affect people that ingest the substances by causing health issues. With these possible long-term effects of GM foods, the FDA, Food and Drug Administration, should require labels for consumers to see. These labels would help inform the public of the possible dangers of the GM food. Without these labels people can suffer serious medical conditions that can destroy their lifestyles.The FDA should require warning labels on all GM foods. GM foods come with many different health risks. One health risk is severe allergic reactions. These allergic reactions can even be life-threatening. An article from the San Francisco Chronicle states that GM fish can possibly cause severe allergic reactions that could be life threatening. â€Å"Genetically engineered fish pose an increased risk of severe, even life-th reatening, allergic reactions to sensitive individuals. † (SF Chronicle).Because of this possible outcome, the FDA should require all GM food to have proper labeling warning consumers of the possible dangers. Some may argue that this fish will still provide the nutrients that a normal fish provide. Even so, with many potential health hazards, GM food should be labeled so people know what they are getting. A survey from the SF Chronicle states â€Å"95% of the public wants labeling. † (SF Chronicle) If people want a label saying if their food has been genetically modified, then it should be.Even if the same nutrient content is the same, a warning label should be visible before a buyer buys the food so the person has a choice. GM Foods not only can cause severe allergic reactions, but also can contribute the lifelong diseases. An article from The Atlantic states that researchers in China have found new information that shows that we're consuming more than just vitamins an d protein, we are also absorbing information, or microRNA. MicroRNA has been connected to help cause â€Å"cancer, Alzheimer’s, and diabetes. †(Atlantic) This study shows how GM food could influence human health in unanticipated ways.If GM foods do contain microRNA that can severely affect people’s health, then the FDA should warn people of the risk of eating GM food. People who support GM food argue that if we preform test on GM food to look for microRNA, then we must perform the test on normal food. If the FDA decides to test it or not, they still should provide labels stating the risk of microRNA in food. The FDA should require labels on all genetically modified foods so people know what they are eating. By doing so, people will be warned It will warn of the possible risks to their health and have the chance to make better food choices.Health risks that may occur by eating genetically modified foods include severe allergic reactions, cancer, Alzheimer’ s and Dementia, and diabetes. If the FDA does not label these foods, and people don’t know what can happen to them if they consume these foods you can expect to see a rise in lifelong diseases. If people are warned of the potential effects of eating GM foods, they will hopefully make smart decisions regarding their health and the foods they eat. It would be in the best interests of all people to label genetically modified food.

Here Are Your Nineties †creative writing course (300 Level)

Here Are Your Nineties – creative writing course (300 Level) Free Online Research Papers Here Are Your Nineties creative writing course (300 Level) Spinning and hustling to their 3:00,people with earth-tone jogging. Suits pass me on that green green path – the one with the almond trees and lines of reckless wheeled shoes in motion. A tomorrow later, we open up the dinner with the corduroy package – set up nicely in front of the flash-tube,taking surplus fat-free information with unimaginative whitish popcorn. It really happened – a low sodium crunch with a million-dollar touchdown; the empty crowd screams at those cheerleaders with their see-through pom-poms, leaning over a bubbling melting pot to keep warm. The alternative rock diet pork-rind ball (down- then up) flies away as a gray-skinned player with a rainbow mouth stops and fingers his joints in front of the camera wearing a Dennis Rodman jersey. Another day – a rise of the sun in long-forgotten hues: looks like Apollo got his pension today, blazing on the shattered tail-lights of a halting crimson auto belonging to a woman named Sue. She brakes, shifting gears, shifting blame, and spaces into her rear-view mirror that sees everything but notices nothing of the angry postman and his special friend, Oberon sticking an antioxidant vitamin-supplement crystal needle into his Coca-Cola/McDonalds shirt with one ripped sleeve. We’ll walk past a stadium tomorrow, featuring a concert - reactionary lyrics- with a smoky line almost as long as for a courtroom. There’s nothing to do- we’ll rest our eyes on the bleached white walls with white water splashed on its underside; I’ll notice our old friend, written like she always will, with an excessive eating disorder, that word ephemeral. Research Papers on Here Are Your Nineties - creative writing course (300 Level)The Hockey GameThe Spring and AutumnWhere Wild and West MeetThe Masque of the Red Death Room meaningsHip-Hop is ArtBook Review on The Autobiography of Malcolm XMind TravelQuebec and CanadaHarry Potter and the Deathly Hallows EssayTrailblazing by Eric Anderson

Malaria - Research Paper Essays - Plasmodium, Malaria, Apicomplexa

Malaria - Research Paper Essays - Plasmodium, Malaria, Apicomplexa Malaria - Research Paper Research Paper- Malaria Malaria is a disease caused by a parasite that lives both in mosquitoes and humans (9). Malaria lives in tropical and sub-tropical areas such as Southeast Asia, the Middle East, Haiti, India, The Dominican Republic, Africa, Papua New Guinea, and Central and South America (3). Malaria is one of the largest diseases around the world. About one out of every 20 people on earth, almost 300 million people, suffer from malaria yearly. Almost 2 million of those 300 million people die each year. Many new drugs are being tested to prevent malaria but no sure vaccine has been discovered (1). Malaria has terrorized this earth since the mid-Pleistocene age. No one knows just when malaria showed up in the Western Hemisphere however. Many say that malaria roamed the New World before the Europeans came over. Yet others will tell you that the Western Hemisphere had no contact with malaria until the end of the fifteenth century. Many other diseases similar in destruction as malaria were brought over from the old world from Europe and Africa (5). Malaria limited colonization all over the world. West Africa and Northern Australia were major hot spot for malaria attacks during the colonization of those areas. Malaria also resulted in many casualties in wars form Ancient Greece to Vietnam and present (2). The Old World supposedly gave malaria to the New World. However, the New World found the first effective treatment for the disease. In 1632, a piece of bark form a Peruvian Tree was taken to Europe by a Spanish priest. The bark was soon found to be a remedy to the constant fevers. Malaria was extremely active in Ancient Rome and Europe. However, it is proven that the malaria back then was much less destructive than it has been in recent centuries. This is because P. falciparum, the most deadly type of malaria, was not present back in Ancient Europe. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the History of malaria is unknown for quite some time in Ancient Europe. It was not until the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries that malaria became a problem again in Europe. The Netherlands, southern Scandinavia, Poland and Russia all experienced malaria terror. Ronald Ross was the first man to reveal the development of the malarial parasite in the mosquito (5). The new era of malariology came in the last two decades of the nineteenth century (5). Earlier theories on malaria included an idea by Alphonse Laveran in 1880, who claimed that malaria came form the mud. Malaria was often thought of as coming form bad air as well. No one knew what it cam from, they just new it was present in swamps were there was mud and bad air. However, this new era included the idea that parasites were the root to malaria. This idea is what Ronald Ross had explained. (2). This new era led to the new ideas for malaria control, which took place in the first couple of decades of the twentieth century. Malaria control was strengthened in the 1930s when synthetic antimalarials. They were very useful in the treatment of malaria. In the 1940s DDT was introduced. This was the first pesticide to be used in order to kill mosquitoes (5). This new pesticide led people to believe that with the right malaria control they could wipe out malaria. DDT was extremely successful esp ecially in India where a DDT spraying program brought malaria cases down by thousands in 1950. Then the mosquitoes became immune to DDT, DDT became expensive, and India had a great big problem all over again. From 1920 to 1950 antibiotics were the most widely used and best treatment for malaria. Since then, no new history has been made. The US Government continues to spend very low income on malaria research and we still have a malaria problem today (2). There are four kinds of malaria that infect humans. P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, and P. malariae are the four diseases humans are endanger of getting. The most severe of them all is P. falciparum. P. falciparum has horrible effects. The effects include fever and chills occurring at irregular intervals. P. vivax is the most common

Analysis of Newspaper Research Report Results Paper

Analysis of Newspaper Report Results - Research Paper Example The news report did not mention the kind of statistical procedure used in the study. As mentioned in the news report, I agree that it is valid and necessary to combine land and marine temperature in order to measure the average global temperature. Basically, the temperature in land and marine areas are different from each other during day and night. The idea of combining the temperature of land and marine areas is to enable the statistician determine the average global temperature within a given time frame. To determine whether a statistic is statistically significant, it is necessary to get the difference between a sample statistic and a specific population parameter (numerator) before dividing the value by the standard error (denominator) (Urdan, 2005, p. 64). For this reason, it is more difficult to confirm the statistical procedures as mentioned in the news report is valid given that the length of years used in each period of time varies from one another. and vice versa. It means that when the sample size is small, bigger the standard error will be. Since a bigger sample size will have smaller standard error, there is a higher probability that the research findings will be statistically significant because of the bigger value as a result. Because of the effects of sample size in determining whether a hypothesis is statistically significant or not, Urdan (2005) explained that it is possible that a small difference between the sample statistic and population parameter to be statistically significant provided that the sample size is big (p. 64). This concept was confirmed by Phil Jones when he explained that it is more likely to achieve a statistically significance given that the available data is good for a very long period of time (Harrabin, 2009, question B). When asked whether the global warming between 1860 – 1880, 1910 – 1940, and 1975 – 1998 were identical, the

Export-Led Growth Theory Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Export-Led Growth Theory - Essay Example However, this is not always the case for most domestic markets since governments may seek to protect blossoming industries to ensure their growth and capacity to exploit their potential comparative advantage (Liebler & Ward 1992, p. 339). Notably, export-led growth is prevalent in a majority of developing country, but the theory does not always guarantee success in the long term. This paper will examine the successfulness of the export-led growth model, taking into consideration a predominantly export-oriented country such as China to demonstrate how export-led orientation is not always effective in ensuring growth. In the adoption of export-led economic systems, governments often have to institute a number of measures such as tariff reduction, establishment of a floating exchange rate, especially through the devaluation of the national currency to enhance exports and government assistance for exportation industries and sectors (Liebler & Ward 1992, p. 338). The purpose of export-led strategy is to discover a niche market in the global economy for a country’s exports. Export-led growth has long been touted as a way of enhancing economic growth and maturity. Nations such as South Korea, Taiwan and China had implemented successful export-led growth strategies. However, global economic recessions such as the one witnessed between 2007 and 2010 have cast doubts on the success of export-led growth because of its emphasis on the specialised, internationally based economy, which is susceptible to global changes in demand trends. According to Yang (2008, p. 3) the term export-led growth refers to the successful growth episodes characterised by growth in a country’s export. Yang (2008, p. 3), however, poises that if export-led growth was the real justification for episodes of high growth in GDP and exports, then countries that adopted the system should have experienced appreciation in real exchange rates. This incident is primarily as a result on influx in foreign exchange as a consequence of the booming exports. However, this is not the case since only about half of the export-led growth episodes are characterised by exchange rate appreciation. In most instances, export-led growth is unsuccessful since it results in the depreciation of countries’ exchange rates; hence the conclusion that the high export growth is not ideally safe growth for a country. In essence, the export-led growth theory is not the overriding force for growth episodes categorized as high export growth since the non-tradable sector also plays a critical role in eliciting high economic, as well as export growth. China continues to experience massive structural imbalance issues as a consequence of adopting an export-led economic strategy in earlier years (Yang 2008, p. 5). Although the country boosts of high rates of economic growth, its imbalance problems continue to wreck havoc to the viability of its economic stance on the long term. The imbalance problem s are deeply rooted in the country’s double transition, and will only ease when the nation completes its final transition in the next two decades, which is quite a long period. Meanwhile, the imbalances caused by the implementation of an export-led economy may result in severe political and social unrest, which may impede China’s growth trajectory. On the other hand, export-led growth is not successful since it subjects a country’s economy to undue exposure to the international world. By definition, an